Recently, the historical and historical anti-doubt ancient academic tendencies in the domestic history circles have revived, the traditional Chinese history of the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors", the "Yellow Emperor and the Five Emperors", and the existence and non-existence of the history. Controversy with diversity.
On March 18th, I published the latest research results of Mr. Wu Rui, the leader of the new army of the suspected ancient faction and the researcher of the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social and Social Sciences. Wu denied the traditional "three generations" homology of historiography and questioned the "Yellow Emperor's One Yuan" argument as "the pattern of united front history."
Wu further pointed out that "Huaxia" has no relationship with the orthodox Central Plains Xia, Huaxia does not represent the Chinese; and the traditional Chinese ancestor Huang Di was not the ancestor of the Han nationality at first, but the minority leader (see "The Yellow Emperor is not the Chinese nation" The first ancestor").
In Wu Rui’s view, the so-called “Three Emperors and Five Emperors” are also suspicious. Obviously such a subversive view is hard to accept by orthodox historians! Not only that, the ordinary netizens who love "My Country" do not accept it, and in the scorpion-spoken language, I follow the post with "Small Edit".
In fact, academic views can be different. If they are all the same, there is no need to study and there is no need to openly debate.
Recently, I received an email from the domestic "anti-doubt ancient" historian and Dr. Zhang Guoan, a doctor of history at Beijing Normal University. He denied Wu Rui's point of view and pointed out that the leader of the ancient school, the history of the Republic of China, Hu Shi, Gu Yugang, etc. people. Zhang’s point of view is collected in his forthcoming book, The Ending of Suspicion.
Here, in the excerpted book, a section of "Re-examination of the study of the ancient emperor", to see how "anti-doubt ancient" explains the "three emperors and five emperors."
Re-examination of Gudi's research
Text / Zhang Guoan
The study of the ancient Emperor (mainly the Five Emperors) in the legendary period can be described as a group of historians, such as Gu Yugang, Meng Wentong, Qi Fenglin, Fu Sinian, Lu Sizhen, Xu Xusheng, Yang Kuan, Sun Zuoyun, Liu Qizhen, etc. . Among them, Gu, Meng, Fu and Xu are the most influential and quite representative.
Mr. Gu Jiegang is the proponent of the problem. It mainly comes from Kang Youwei’s literary classics. In the argument of the ancient Chinese history theory caused by the layers of the earth, more attention is paid to the judgment of the book’s book in the morning and evening, but basically neglected The consideration of the nature of books has neglected to explore the problems of the ancient emperor in the structure and function of ancient history, which has become a wrong academic trend and a harmful research method. This also denies the ancient history system of the five emperors and the three generations, and denies the existence of a unified political community in the Five Emperors era. This view has aroused widespread resonance, and the historical system can be fabricated by people to become a self-evident. premise.
The domestic academic circles praised Meng Wentong, Fu Sinian and Xu Xusheng. Mr. Meng Wentong's rationale comes from the combination of ancient and classical Chinese studies. His practice of using materials has been explained from the perspective of this ancient text, but the scientific nature needs to be improved; the three groups proposed by Mr. Meng Wentong said:
——There are “Jianghan Nationalities” (Yin Emperor, Shennong, Sanmiao, Gonggong, Zhurong, Yu You as the representative, with Jiang surname as the main);
——“Heluo Nationality” (represented by the Yellow Emperor, Sui, Emperor, and Emperor, with Ji’s surname), and activities in the Heluo area, so it can be called;
- "Haicang nationality" (, Fuxi, Nuwa, Taihao and Shaohao, Emperor, and Tao Tao are representatives, with wind, , surnames as the main).
(Yellow Emperor, Han Dynasty Stone Rubbing)
Mr. Fu Sinian’s Yi Xia thing is mainly from positivism, and the use of historical materials is not specified. Mr. Fu Sinian’s "Eight Things in the Summer" is said to be:
——“Three generations and nearly three generations ago, there are basically two systems with different things. These two systems are fighting for each other, mixing because of fighting, and cultural progress due to mixing. Summer and Zhou belong to the Western Department."
-"In general, the economy of the East is good, so the culture is excellent. The West is good, so the military is strong."
Mr. Fu's conclusions are integrated from the perspectives of history, literature, archaeology, anthropology and geography. Unfortunately, Mr. Fu was influenced by the trend of thought and ethos at that time. He still believed that "the thinkers of the Spring and Autumn Warring States, when organizing a grand unified concept Although Dongyi was not placed in the three-generation system, Bo Yiyi was placed in the court, and the Geng song was given, and he was qualified to fight against the court.
The so-called talented and incompetent in Zuo Zhuan, and the monarchs of the book, Shu Dian and Tao Tao, were originally tribes fighting each other and chiefs or gods at different times, and philosophers made a whole god. Tang, so that it is listed in a court. The ‘the head of the stock’ is not limited to a thousand miles, between the millennium. This is like the Greek temple, which is multi-faceted, and the Greeks' comprehensive beliefs have made them a big line. It is only the world's hopes of the Lieutenant countries that are not lost, so we can analyze the pluralistic state of the tribe from the comprehensive system of philosophers today. ”
Xu Xusheng's method is mainly scientific historiography. Xu Xusheng and Su Bingqi are proposing a systematic statement about the treatment of the literature. After the processing of the literature, the basis of its success—the treatment of materials has not received the attention of latecomers. In fact, whether it is affirmative or negative, this cannot be ignored.
Mr. Xu's Huaxia (Huangdi, Yandi, Yi, Youshi (), merchants, Zhu Rong and other ethnic groups), Dongyi (Taiyi, Shaohao, Chiyou), Miao Man (San Miao, Fuxi, Nuwa, Huan pocket) said the three groups.
Mr. Yang Kuan combined his mythology with Mr. Fu's Yi Xia story.
Among them, the most overlooked is the opinion of Yan Fenglin: "There are five kings before the Xia Shang Dynasty. When the Spring and Autumn Period is said to have been fixed, there is no such thing as the 'five emperors'.... The original 'five emperors' said... solid The ancient meaning of the pre-Qin also.... Nearly people say that the world benefits late and the ancient history is prosperous, the younger brothers say that the world benefits the late and the ancient history benefits." And said: "Da Dai" "Tai Shi Gong Shu" knows its righteousness It is absolutely unique (only Ma Duan's "The Five Emperors of the Five Emperors" in the "Examination of the Imperial Examination", the "Five Emperors" in the Song Dynasty, and the only ones in the Song Dynasty, and the pre-Qin Jiji! Shiyi is late and ancient Yiyi, ancient history It’s too messy and unreasonable.”
Other predecessors are limited to the combination of the five emperors, and there is little attention to the sequence and its ethnic and cultural differences. Because they a priori felt that it is impossible to have such a sequence and a unified political community. They each see their own knowledge and reorganize the legendary characters (or gods) into different groups. Even if the same kind of literature is turned into different groups or stages, they do not explain the basis and conduct argumentation. , , , ,
The first question involved is whether the era of the emperor existed? The emperor has a variety of explanations in philology, and the author does not intend to repeat.
From the perspective of the development of human history, all the nations that have developed into civilized society have experienced the process of recording the content of the era without words into the text. The earliest prehistoric parts are the sacred mythological era, such as Collingwood's theology and mythology. "The section states: "God is modeled after the analogy of the human monarch. God commands the actions of the king and the leader, just like the king and the leader command their subordinates; the government's hierarchy is an externalization. Pushing upwards.... The government is conceived by theocracy. This kind of history I propose to call it theocracy history... refers to a statement of known facts for those who do not know these facts. People refer to them; but as worshippers of the Gods they are talking about, they should know the kind of deeds that God has made them manifest themselves."
At the time when China’s “suspected ancients” were arrogant, some foreign scholars’ minds were more calm, as Latham Moore said: “On the oldest margin of Chinese history, there are some vague characters appearing or appearing. Among them’ The ancient legend of Pangu, the 'animal era era' Fuxi, the 'agricultural era' of Shennong. The animal husbandry and agriculture mentioned here are natural habits. Then there are the Yellow Emperor, Shaohao, Yi, Emperor, Emperor The next step is the glory of China's golden age... ." "If you can make rational use of all the legends about the early Emperors of the Shang Dynasty, the legends of their previous Xia Dynasty, and the older and more vague 'imperials before the Xia Dynasty. ', then it should be recognized that these legends can be traced back to the true Neolithic Age, and perhaps even earlier."