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Modern rockets — aircraft that move by throwing off the mass they carry with them — can be divided into combat and space. We must understand that this division is conditional. Combat missiles have repeatedly been used to launch satellites after a small alteration, and space rockets can be used to deliver warheads.
If you answer briefly, the limit of the rocket can fly anywhere. Combat missiles when firing at targets on the Ground now have a range of several hundred to 20 thousand kilometers. The range of 20 thousand kilometers is virtually unlimited, since at any point of launch you can hit any target on the Ground. For space rockets, the speed they communicate to the spacecraft is important. The fastest satellites now have speeds of about 10 km / s, they were used to study the distant planets of the Solar system and are now leaving it. These are pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New horizons-all made in the United States. These devices are after many thousands of years will fly by other stars.
How are modern missiles calculated? Surprisingly, the basic formula for their design was invented more than a hundred years ago in Russia by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He guessed that the calculation of the rocket can be carried out using a mathematical model describing the movement of a point of variable mass. This model was also invented in Russia by a mathematician from St. Petersburg University Ivan Vsevolodovich Meshchersky. Tsiolkovsky rewrote the equation in a form suitable for engineering calculations, and made a number of useful practical conclusions. Over the past century, even the notation in the formula has not changed.
First, let's understand what is needed for the calculation and what happens in the end. The formula allows us to obtain the velocity of the rocket V, accelerating outside the gravitational field and atmosphere. In this case, hot gases are ejected from the rocket nozzle at a speed of V1, the initial mass of the rocket is M1, and the final mass after all the fuel is exhausted is M2. It should be noted that by the time Tsiolkovsky was already known the first cosmic velocity required to enter The earth's orbit. It was calculated by Isaac Newton and is about 8 km / s.
What came Konstantin Eduardovich?
1. To achieve the first cosmic velocity, it is necessary to use fuel and engines that give the highest possible rate of expiration of gases V1.
2. It is necessary to use a rocket with the highest possible ratio of the starting mass to the final mass M1 / M2.
Having calculated the formula known by the end of the XIX century powder rockets, Tsiolkovsky realized that they give too small values and V1, and M1/M2. From this he concluded, that need new constructive decisions and fuel for missiles.
The scientist proposed to use a pair of "liquid hydrogen — liquid oxygen", and now it is the most efficient fuel pair in space. A new constructive solution was "rocket trains", when a large rocket is divided into several small ones, which are discarded as they develop fuel. Thus, the final mass M2 in such a scheme is only the mass of the satellite and the mass of the empty last rocket, which dramatically increases the ratio M1 / M2 and is relatively easy to implement. Now "rocket trains" are known as multi-stage rockets and are actively used.
Of course, for the flight to other stars will need rockets, working on other principles. Now in rocket engines most often are used chemical reaction, which not allow achieve speeds more several tens of kilometers in second. Perhaps the introduction of nuclear, thermonuclear energy and the energy of annihilation of matter and antimatter into space will allow us to reach speeds up to the speed of light and make human travel to other stars real.
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