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Astronauts per day receive a dose of radiation 200 times more than a person on Earth. When compared with the medical x-ray study, it appears that the daily dose of radiation an astronaut — 0.6 mSv is 5-6 sessions of examination of the chest. On Earth, the natural radiation background consists mainly of gamma radiation, in space-of charged particles. Elements of the periodic table are accelerated to tens, hundreds of gigaelectronvolts, so they can stitch several meters of thickness of the protective coating.
Studies were conducted on the health of astronauts to understand whether they suffer from cancer more often than other people. We concluded that no, but this study has very small statistics: there are not so many astronauts. Of course, radiation shortens life, because it leads to premature aging of the body. And to cosmonauts remained young and healthy, invented radiation standards. In Russia, this is 1000 millisieverts for a lifetime, while a cosmonaut is allowed to receive no more than 200 millisieverts per year.
From the point of view of modern standards it is impossible to be constantly in space: the maximum dose of radiation a person will receive for 4 years (4 x 200 = 800 mSv, another 200 mSv is a reserve for unforeseen circumstances). The record-breaking cosmonauts spent about 850 days in space. If you comply with all the standards, which is monitored by the radiation safety service of manned space flights, the life of astronauts will be reduced by no more than 2.5–3 years.
It is worth considering that the level of radiation in space is unstable and varies due to solar proton events that increase the radiation dose received by the astronaut. Current manned flights take place in low orbit (as experts say, in an orbit with a mid-latitude inclination). There, under the protection of the magnetosphere, the dose from outbreaks is weakened by several hundred times, so the radiation dose for the day when the solar proton event occurs increases by a maximum of 10-15 times. The situation changes dramatically if we are outside the magnetosphere (about 10 earth radii) or closer to the poles at low latitudes. In these areas, the magnetosphere does not protect us in any way, solar flares begin to pose a real danger, since the radiation dose increases by 200-300 times compared to the undisturbed period. This causes the immediate effects of radiation: dizziness, nausea, loss of appetite, deterioration of performance — for the astronaut is a dangerous phenomenon. Fortunately, powerful flashes are quite rare — once or twice per solar cycle (11 years), and their maximum duration does not exceed two days.
In different compartments of the spacecraft radiation dose varies, readings may vary even inside the human body. First of all, you need to learn how to control the level of radiation: astronauts have various dosimeters, sensors, which can provide information about the radiation. Depending on solar activity, we recommend that the crew stay in those compartments of the space station where the radiation dose is less ― these are compartments that do not bulge out of the hull.
In the radiation safety service of manned space flights, we proposed to protect astronauts by placing a special product on the thin outer wall. The protective curtain is a "mattress" with space napkins — a gauze cloth soaked in water and sealed in a plastic bag. Wet wipes replace the shower astronauts, they can not just be stored at the station, and used as an additional layer of water that protects the astronaut from radiation in the compartments. Water and polyethylene plates retain secondary particles-neutrons, and the radiation dose is absorbed more efficiently.
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