Typical errors of the exam-2019 in the subjects of the natural science cycle Biology, Chemistry and Geography

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The article is subjective and expresses the personal opinion of the author.

Biology

1. The task on ecology, in which it was proposed to supplement the scheme on the relationship of organisms in the biocenosis, was completed by less than 50% of graduates.
2. Difficulties were caused by tasks in which it was necessary to indicate the method of biological research or a section of biological science.
3. There were difficulties in fulfilling tasks for embedding the genes of one organism in the DNA of another organism.
4. Less than 50% of the participants completed the tasks of crossbreeding and pedigree analysis.
5. Difficulties arose in carrying out the task, in which it was required to select the characteristics of the double fertilization of flowering plants.
6. More than 50% of the participants found it difficult to choose common features that are characteristic of both natural and artificial ecosystems.
7. Many did not cope with the task, which required identifying organisms belonging to the second trophic level.
8. The lowest results (less than 40%) were obtained during the task, in which it was necessary to determine the characteristics of cones as visual receptors.
9. Not everyone completed the task, which required listing the functions of the cutaneous glands of mammals.
10. Only 13% coped with the task of plant tissues and the ability to compare their characteristics.
11. There are obvious gaps in the terminology and characteristics of the reactions of matrix synthesis.
12. There were problems with fulfilling the task of establishing compliance with the thermoregulation of the human body and skin structures (epidermis and dermis).
13. Not everyone has mastered topics related to natural selection and evolutionary pathways (aromorphosis and idioadaptation).
14. Only 29% of graduates were able to build a sequence of basic processes during the emergence of life on Earth.
15. There were difficulties with the task of establishing a sequence of processes when changing the ecosystem of a reservoir and turning it into a swamp - poorly learned knowledge includes processes that cause ecosystem successions.
16. Not everyone is guided in the structure of the autonomic nervous system.

Chemistry

1. Difficulties were caused by tasks where it was necessary to select from the list of substances entering into the redox interaction and to compose the corresponding reaction equations.
2. It was difficult for graduates to compose reactions that reflect the chemical properties and the relationship of the main classes of organic compounds.
3. Problems arose when conducting combined calculations by formulas and equations of chemical reactions.

Geography

1. A typical mistake remains the inability to compare the answer with the question: up to 5% of errors are due to the fact that instead of the subject of the Russian Federation required in the question, the examinees write down the country.
2. About 5% of graduates skip the first stage of working with a map - they don’t read its scale.
3. A typical mistake is ignorance of such a sign of azimuth as measuring it from the direction north to the object clockwise (or inability to use knowledge of this sign in activities when measuring azimuth on a map).
4. A typical mistake of graduates is the location of indicators in the wrong, "reverse" sequence. For example, the points are arranged in sequence not from the point with the lowest air temperature to the highest, but from the highest to the lowest.
5. Of great difficulty is the construction of a sequence with negative air temperatures.
6. Only 20% of the test subjects were able to use the scale correctly, and only about 48% of the USE participants were able to fully build the profile, including correctly show the steepness of the slopes, the absolute heights of all points of the profile.
7. Only half of the participants in the USE can rely on an understanding of the laws governing the change in the maximum possible water vapor content from air temperature, and an indicator of relative air humidity.
8. Many people confuse the basic concepts: “source” and “mouth”, “upper” and “lower” currents. This is reflected in the ability to establish patterns of rising water in the river in its upper, middle and lower currents.
9. About half of the exam participants do not know that upward air movement is characteristic of the cyclone center; about a quarter do not know that a cyclone is an atmospheric vortex with a reduced pressure in the center.
10. Difficulties in the participants in the exam are a comparison of the average annual rainfall in different territories.
11. There are problems in the knowledge of the zenithal position of the Sun and changes in the angle of incidence of sunlight on the parallels between the equator and the tropics at the corresponding time of the year.
12. 2019 graduates often confused the concepts of “international economic integration” and “industry of international specialization”, “export” and “import”.
13. 50% of graduates do not know that methane is a greenhouse gas, considering that one of the main causes of global climate change is an increase in nitrogen in the atmosphere. 35% do not understand that the main reason for the increase in carbon dioxide content is the burning of fossil fuels.

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