THE CAR IS MADE UP OF:
1) The body (frame) is the part of the car intended to accommodate the driver and passengers or the load. The bodywork is the most important and expensive part of the car, as it directly affects the durability of the car. When buying a car, the buyer, first of all, pays attention to the condition of the body and its appearance.
Construction of a car body
Lorry bodywork
Bus body
2) The engine is the heart of the car, the task of which is to convert thermal energy into mechanical work. The engine generates torque and transmits the rotation to the wheels through the transmission in order for the car to start moving. The engine consists of:
1. Crank mechanism (CWM) - absorbs the pressure of gases after the combustion of the combustible mixture and converts the reciprocating motion of the piston-rod into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.
2. Gas-distributing mechanism (GDM) - opens and closes valves for entering the cylinders of the combustible mixture and exhaust gases.
3. Engine cooling system - dissipates heat from the heated engine parts, providing optimal temperature operation.
4. Engine lubrication system - to supply oil to the friction surfaces of the parts, which reduces friction between them and reduces the loss of engine power.
5. Engine power supply system - for preparation of the optimal combustible mixture, which consists of fuel and air. It feeds the combustible mixture into the engine cylinders and drains the exhaust gases.
6. Engine ignition system - generates and delivers high voltage current to the cylinders for subsequent ignition of the working mixture.
3) Vehicle transmission - is responsible for the transmission of torque from the engine to the driving wheels, and changes the magnitude and direction of this torque. The design of the transmission fundamentally depends on the number of drive axles. The car with all axles as drive axles is called an all-wheel drive.
The transmission of the car consists of:
1. Clutch - is used to disconnect the engine and gearbox during shifting (without stopping the engine) and their smooth connection when driving.
2. Transmission - changes the traction, speed, and direction of travel of the vehicle. Disconnects the engine from the transmission by engaging a neutral gear.
3. Cardan gear - provides transmission of torque from the gearbox to the driving axles.
4. Main gear - increases the torque and transmits it on the axle shaft.
5. Differential - ensures that the drive axle wheels rotate at different angular speeds
6. Transfer case - distributes the torque from the gearbox to the drive axles, increasing the gear ratio. Allows the front drive axle to be engaged and disengaged.
4) Steering - allows the vehicle to move in a given direction.
5) Brake system - to reduce speed and stop the car completely or keep it in place.
6) Running gear - serves as a trolley and is used to move the car on the road. Mechanisms and parts of the chassis provide comfortable driving conditions, reducing vibration and shaking.
Truck suspension system
McPherson's suspension device
Independent suspension
Dependent suspension.
7) Vehicle electrical system is a device that generates, transmits or consumes electricity on the vehicle, ensuring stable operation of the engine, transmission, chassis, as well as influencing the automation of the vehicle processes, traffic safety and comfort of the driver and passengers.