Lipstick (French pomade, Italian pomata, and Latin pomum - apple) - a cosmetic product for lip coloring and moisturizing.Lipstick was first used in Mesopotamia about 5000 years ago. Lip dye was already known in ancient Egypt. There it was made of red pigment, beeswax, and animal fat. Egyptians preferred dark lipsticks.
The trend of Ancient Egypt was thin graceful lips of blood-red color, as at beauty of that time Nefertiti. Lip dye was made by mixing bromine, iodine, and red algae. Sometimes a special pigment carmine was added to the lipstick, which was obtained from a dried insect, or wheat.
Loved lipstick and Cleopatra - she used a mixture of red ochre and hematite. Egyptians used lipstick not only in life, but also in the burial of the dead, and lipstick was put next to other accessories.
From Egypt, lipstick came to Ancient Greece, and then to Rome. However, in these countries, there were both supporters and opponents of lip color. One of the main opponents was the famous Claudius Galen. Galen was not an opponent of cosmetics - he only tried to warn women against the use of dangerous cosmetics. This was since in those days in lipstick added pigments that were poisonous (minium, cinnabar). However, women continued to use lipstick.
The Christian church also had a negative attitude towards any changes in appearance. In the 14th century, the Catholic Church banned cosmetics: the papal bull proclaimed that dyeing women distorted the image of the Virgin Mary. During this period, the Inquisition had the right to arrest women who were dyeing their lips for sacrilege.
In the second half of the 18th century, the French made lipstick exclusively from natural components. And it could be used only by male representatives. At the court of Louis XVI lipstick especially dyed coquettish and loving men, who tried to distinguish the lips that they did not merge with the mustache and beard.
Women only got the right to use lipstick at the beginning of our century. And it became available only to girls of easy behavior. As for decent and decent people, they were not allowed to paint lipstick in those days.
The use of lipstick was revived for the second time in 1803 when Amsterdam hosted the World Expo, which presented a novelty in the cosmetics industry - a product made based on deer fat. It was awarded the highest marks.
In 1883, at the World's Fair in Amsterdam, French perfumers presented a pencil-shaped lipstick wrapped in silk paper.
The famous actress Sarah Bernard contributed to the popularization of lipstick. She worshipped this "great discovery of the 19th century" and gave it her name "stylo d'Amore" ("Love Stick").
The lipstick in the tube is owned by GUERLAIN. Appearance of the first lipstick in metal packaging
(in the USA, 1915) gave rise to a "lipstick boom", because it became convenient to use lipstick.
The first lipstick was Ne m'oubliez pas ("Unforgettable"), created based on pink wax. It was sold in a case with a piston mechanism, which was very convenient, because it allowed you to use the lipstick completely, until the end. The case had interchangeable blocks. Max Factor introduced the new lip gloss to women, and Elizabeth Arden established the Beauty Institute, which taught women the mysteries of using decorative cosmetics.
In 1920, Elena Rubinstein produced a tube of lipstick called Valaz Lip-Listre; lipstick from Rubinstein became almost revolutionary - if previously only women with high income could afford this cosmetic product, Valaz Lip-Listre became an exceptionally democratic product, the cost of which did not exceed several dollars. In the 1930s, Hazel Bishop, the founder of the eponymous cosmetics brand, created another revolutionary new product: kiss-resistant lipstick.
In the era of cinema's prosperity, women's gods emerged. Their image was admired and ideal for imitation, which, by all means, sought Marlene Dietrich, Joan Crawford, and Greta Garbo. Rapidly theatricality became fashionable, which gave the "green light" for the development of the cosmetic industry, in particular, lipstick. Its application has now become a real art with its styles.
The most popular is Max Factor's Rosebud Lips, Bee stung Lips or Vampire Lips, where lipstick was not absorbed into the tonal base, and Cupid's bow lips, a shape with clearly defined mouth corners.
Somewhat later came the "Cupid's bow" lipstick by Helena Rubinstein. It allegedly allowed to give the lips the desired shape. This lipstick was very popular until Joan Crawford did not want to make her lips more voluminous. She was able to make her wish come true with just one swab of "Hunter's bow lips" (Hunter's bow).
Since then, women have adopted the fact that lipstick can help them draw attention to themselves and make a good impression. In the 30's the Elizabeth Arden products were advertised. It said that the painted lips were a clear guarantee of success in finding a job.
In the post-war period in 1947, a real cosmetic boom began in Paris. Everywhere there was an advertisement of lipstick "Rougebeze", which, as it was said in the video, "allowed you to kiss".
The durability of the lipstick was also of great importance for the actress. Max's son, Mr. Factor, Jr., hired volunteers to test his lipstick. Soon, however, they were tired of kissing. As a result, a rubber model, the "Kissing machine", was created for this purpose. Famous actresses Beth Davis and Elizabeth Taylor were involved in the advertisement of the lipstick, who were eager to pose in various photoshoots.
That period can be safely designated as a mini-revolution in women's attitudes towards cosmetics. Since then, almost any lady's handbag has been able to find a cherished lipstick case, the choice of shades of which has become simply huge. From now on, it was natural to put on lipstick to go out into the garden or to go to the nearest shop for food.
In 1949, the first lipstick machines were designed in the United States for today's lipstick in metal or plastic tubes.
Since the global financial crisis of 1929, there has been a so-called "lipstick effect" in the economy. In difficult times, consumers try to save money and stop spending money on large and expensive things. Car sales are declining, the number of sold housing is falling, household appliances and furniture are being bought less and less. But cosmetics, as a small and easy for the budget product, continue to buy. Thus, the industrial production of the USA in 1929-33 has halved, and the profit of cosmetic companies, on the contrary, has grown.
Its popularity is due to such famous movie stars as Gloria Swenson, Asta Nielsen, Mary Pickford, Marlene Dietrich, Elizabeth Taylor, Lara Turner. Women wanted to imitate them, and, as a consequence, acquired lipstick.
In the history of lipstick there is an interesting fact that at the end of the 17th century, the English Parliament decided: if a man married, and after the wedding noticed that his chosen one is not as beautiful as she was before marriage, when she could makeup, he can divorce her, without a chance of reconciliation.
Over the centuries, lipstick has undergone many transformations. Modern women are unlikely to be surprised by anything new, but the beauty industry does not standstill. Lipstick is constantly improving, improving its composition, texture, bright colors and shine, and perhaps soon there will be some new, previously unknown variations of lipstick.