Temperament-the quality of personality, formed in personal experience human on the basis of genetic conditionality his type nervous system and largely defining style his activities. Temperament refers to the biologically conditioned substructures of personality.
Temperament (lat. Temperamentum) - proper the ratio traits, from tempero - mix in proper able - characteristic of individual with hand dynamic features of his mental activities, camping on E. pace of, speed, rhythm, intensity, elements of this activities mental processes and wealth.
When we talk about temperament, we mean many mental differences between people-differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of action and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity. Nevertheless, temperament and today remains largely controversial and unresolved problem. However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological Foundation on which personality as a social being is formed.
Temperament reflects dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly innate character, so the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person
Thus, under the temperament should be understood individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of mental activity, which are equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in the relationship characterize the type of temperament. The properties of temperament are individual characteristics that govern the dynamics of mental activity in General; characterize features of the dynamics of individual mental processes; have a stable and permanent nature and remain in development for a long period of time; located in a regular ratio, which characterizes the type of temperament; caused by a common type of nervous system. Using certain features, it is possible with sufficient certainty to distinguish the properties of temperament from all other mental properties of the person. The Creator of the doctrine of temperaments is considered to be the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (V century BC). He claimed that people differ in the ratio of the four basic juices of life-blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, which are part of it. Based on his teachings, the physician of antiquity Claudius Galen (II century BC) developed the first typology of temperaments, which he set out in the famous treatise De temperamentum. According to his teachings, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They were allocated temperaments, which in our time are widely known: sanguine (from lat. sanguis-blood), phlegmatic (from Greek.- phlegma phlegma), choleric (from Greek. chole - bile), and melancholy (from Greek. melan chole black bile). This fantastic concept had a huge impact on scientists for many centuries . At the turn of the XIX and early XX centuries. formed the so-called somatic concept, according to which there is a relationship between the properties of temperament and physique. Widely known are the works of the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer which substantiate the idea that the differences in the types of body structure (some features of growth, completeness, proportions of body parts) indicate certain differences in temperament. American scientist W. Sheldon also put in direct connection bodily features, acting in varying degrees of development of various tissues of the body, and especially temperament. Somatic theories should not be overly contrasted with humoral ones: both the type of body structure and the dynamic properties of the psyche can be the result of the same cause - the result of the action of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. In parallel with the ideas of humoral, somatic .
Activity is a dynamic system of human interactions with the world, in the process of which there is an emergence and mutual understanding in the object of mental image. It is the presence of a conscious goal that makes it possible to define activity as activity. All other aspects of activity: motive, activity planning, processing of current information, decision - making-can be realized not completely, and also incorrectly. Whatever the level of awareness of the activity, awareness of the goal is always a necessary sign of it.