The notion of political choice.
Political choice - a concept to describe a problem which is characterized by the following features:
1) arises in a situation with different possibilities for further development
2) it involves various political forces
3) includes the choice of the path of social development
Political choice of ways of social development has a chance of success if it is based on understanding of the current situation in society and takes into account the public interest. A political choice focused only on ideas, even the great and noble ones, but which does not take into account the objective and subjective possibilities of society, turns into a utopia.
The choice of the path of social development is determined primarily by the common goals and interests that are transformed in the public consciousness into certain political ideas and value orientations. At the same time, it also includes the choice of possible ways of activity aimed at turning social opportunity into reality.
The choice of the path of social development becomes an actual political task only in the presence of an alternative situation in the society, which allows significantly different outcomes of further development. Such a situation arises only when, on the one hand, there are objective opportunities for social development, and on the other hand, there are social forces capable of turning these opportunities into reality. Alternative situations always have limits of real spatial and temporal existence and are therefore characterized by social irreversibility.
Political choice is always connected with making political decisions, representing a stage in solving administrative tasks.
Political risk
Theorists in the category of "political risk" can rightfully be considered
E. Giddens, G. Maine.
E. Giddens believes that the notion of risk becomes central in a society that says goodbye to the past, to traditional ways of doing things and that opens up to an unknown future.
According to G. Maine, the contract, which people voluntarily and consciously enter into, has the goal of controlling and ordering political risk. The transition from status relations to contractual relations has been described as "one of the great social revolutions in world history".
Political risk - a concept for the problem, which is characterized by the following features:
1) occurs in a situation with an uncertain outcome and possible adverse effects in case of failure
2) in case of failure with its permission, it causes unfavorable political consequences.
The main political risk factors include the following:
- the degree of ethnic and religious differences;
- social inequality in income distribution;
- the degree of political pluralism;
- the influence of left-wing radicals;
- The role of coercion in retaining power;
- The scale of anti-constitutional actions;
- Violations of the rule of law.
Modern political power.
Political power is a set of mechanisms, means and methods of influence of political subjects on the behavior of social communities, individuals, organizations, which is characterized by the following features:
- Purpose - management, coordination, subordination of interests of all members of society to a single political will
- Integrity
- Monocentricity
- Rule of law
- Achieving a goal through coercion and persuasion.
Approaches; concepts of political power.
Systemic.
Power as an attribute of the political subsystem of society.
Authoritarian
Power is coercion.
Disperse
Power is a property of the political system, a possibility of potential coercion.
Relationalist
Power as an interaction of political actors based on asymmetric relations.
Power is the interaction when one subject subordinates another
Interactive
Power - the ability of some political actors controlling a certain part of the resources to forcefully impose their decisions.
Sources - the sources of power can be: authority, power, law, wealth, prestige, social and political status, etc.
Subjects - the state and its institutions, political elites and leaders, political parties. In order to implement power relations, the subject must possess such qualities as the desire to rule and the will to power.
Objects are those who are subordinate to the subject: an individual, a social group, a community, a class, etc.
Functions - domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.
Grounds - the base, sources on which the power will of the subject is based (economic, legal, administrative-power, cultural-informational).
Resources are real and potential means of strengthening the power itself and its foundations (coercion, violence, persuasion, encouragement, law, traditions, fear, myths).